الانعطافات الحاسمة في نقد المعرفة العلمية في القرن العشرين (دراسة في فلسفة غاستون باشلار، وكارل بوبر، وتوماس كون)

Abstract

This study, entitled (Critical Turns in the Criticism of Scientific Knowledge in the Twentieth Century: A Study in the Philosophy of Gaston Bachelard, Karl Popper, and Thomas Kuhn), aims to present the fundamental transformations "turns" that occurred in the philosophy of science during the twentieth century, such as: the transition from traditional science based on cognitive accumulation to the modern understanding that focuses on the "epistemological rupture" that changed old concepts with new concepts through revolutionary discoveries, as in Bachelard's ideas, and the transition from traditional science based on verification to the modern understanding that focuses on falsifiability, as in Popper's ideas, and on "scientific revolutions", as in Thomas Kuhn's ideas, where he sees that science advances through changes in models or "paradigms" and not gradually; that is, in a cumulative manner.