البلاغة العربية المهاد المعرفي والامتداد العلمي الواصف حتّى نهاية القرن الخامس الهجري

Abstract

The flashes of rhetorical phenomena began to shine in the folds of human sayings; when man moved with his language from the region of truth to the spaciousness of metaphor; to make a breach in the zero of everyday language and its solid lexical level, and to violate its logical rules and its agreed-upon standard laws, and this shift is by an innate faculty stemming from a tasteful need among speech makers to dismantle this system and reshape it through their innate faculty of rhetoric, which produces statements that differ from the superficial, mixed everyday language and limited in its moral horizon; so that the rhetorical faculty transfers these daily sayings and reproduces them in effective, influential statements, moving from the static nature of truth to the dynamism of metaphor with its broad semantic horizons, so that the performative statements are organized within this artificial rhetorical machine in systems of the arts of words pulsating with a harmonious, flowing music that captivates souls and enchants hearts; These sayings are a departure from the prevailing discourse and carry within them an influential energy that attracts the listener to them, entices him and pushes him to do something and believe it or refrain from doing it and believing it, while entertaining him and convincing him with communicative efficiency, carrying the intentions of the maker and producer of these sayings with his rhetorical faculty that reproduces and formulates the discourse, and is able to master the laws of language in daily use. Therefore, these rhetorical flashes have moved from an innate to a conventional faculty; To be a descriptive, inductive science that monitors these phenomena and images, encompasses their boundaries, and deduces laws resulting from the product of this innate rhetorical faculty, explores its systems and patterns, classifies its images and patterns, and classifies its genres, so that it investigates in this rhetorical faculty its comprehensive meaning for images that occur in many aspects, starting from imagination and illusion and reaching convincing arguments distributed on the ladder of probability, so that it monitors with the sensors of the descriptive, methodical science the locations of these luminous flashes in the folds of the saying, driven by a methodological question: What makes some sayings better than others?; to seek with this question the locations of the secrets of rhetoric with its enchanting and captivating verbal systems for souls, and encompasses the borders of its deep sea, and extracts its precious jewels; The science describing the rhetorical faculty and its secrets moved to promising scientific projects that emerged from the realm of the metaphor of the Qur’an and were crowned with the investigation of the persuasive rhetoric of argumentative statement, and the images of rhetoric with their aesthetic and enjoyable horizons; to bear fruit in exploring the secrets of rhetoric and evidence of its verbal miracle, and the secret of its eloquence and the correctness of its harmony in the sayings that flow in the ear as colors flow in the eyes; for these projects to reach their final goal, so rhetoric is completed and matures and its branch is strengthened, and it becomes independent as a descriptive methodological science in the middle of the fifth century AH through the projects of Al-Jurjani and Al-Khafaji, and these two projects become the starting point for what came after them of distinctive rhetorical projects with Al-Sakaki (died 626 AH) and Hazim Al-Qartajni (died 684 AH).