Educational and Teaching Institutions in Baqubah District (1932–1957)

Abstract

The most important thing that came from the research is to know the origin of the naming of the judiciary of Baquba, which is (the correction of the house of Aquba), which is the Arami name, which means the inspector's house, as stated in the research signed in the district of Baquba district, which is located on the road of the caravans passing east to Iran, as well as enjoying a punishment with fertile soil suitable for agriculture. The judiciary was famous for growing citrus and producing dates. As for the educational field, which is the focus of our research, the judiciary has witnessed many developments in the educational field, and this is due to the laws and regulations issued by the Iraqi Ministry of Knowledge, which would develop the educational system in the country in general and the judiciary in particular. The issuance of the primary school system No. (19) of 1930 In which the conditions of admission to schools and the duration of study in them were determined, and this system also emphasized free education for all students. The ministry issued the Official Secondary Schools Law No. (16) of 1931, which aimed to organize the work of the ministry in order to improve the educational level in the judiciary. The Ministry of Knowledge issued Decision No. (35) of 1935, in which considered the Diyala Brigade within the Baghdad Knowledge Area. In order to advance the educational reality, the ministry opened a number of schools in the judiciary. The educational system was divided into several stages, the first of which was the books, which had a major role in spreading education throughout the judiciary, in addition to filling the shortage of primary schools available in the judiciary, but its only drawback was that it did not keep pace with the progress of educational developments. It was limited to teaching students to read, write and memorizing the Holy Quran in addition to simple information about arithmetic. As for the second stage, it was represented by primary education, which in turn was divided into (city, rural and evening schools). The ministry determined the duration of study at (6) years, and stressed that education is free education for all students and considered primary education. It is the main rule of the edice of education in general, so the ministry attached great importance to primary education by opening a number of primary schools in the judiciary, two schools (Al-Howaider School for Girls and Baqba School for Girls). In the academic year (1934-1935), the number of schools in the judiciary increased and became (6) schools. The reason for this increase is due to the increase in the number of students and the inability of schools to contain them, but the Second World War in 1939 negatively affected the educational reality in the country in general and the judiciary in particular by causing a setback in the quality and development of education, which prompted the Ministry of Knowledge to issue new laws in line with The current situation in the country, the most important of which was Law No. (57) of 1940, and the most important paragraphs of this law were (Article 10), which stressed the need to apply the compulsory education law. This article also confirmed the issuance of a violation or penalty of three dinars for anyone whose children are prevented from education. This law was applied in several schools, including Al-Saadouniya School in the Canan area, Zahra School for Boys, and Shafna School for Boys affiliated with the area of the Baqba Center. The ministry also restored and restored the construction of some old schools in the judiciary, including a secondary school in Quba, and it is worth mentioning that there is another type of schools, which is the railway school, and its purpose was to Teaching a category of workers who have skills in the maintenance of railways or train station in order to meet the country's need for such professions. As for secondary education, the Ministry of Knowledge paid attention to secondary education after 1931.There was no secondary school before this date, but there is one school in the entire judiciary, which is (medium for boys) and then two schools became two schools when opening a new school, which is (medium with a penalty for girls). One of the most important problems faced education at this stage is the lack of schools compared to the number of students, and the increase in the number of students and the aggravation of year after year did not match an increase in the number of teaching cadres. The need for this, and with the emergence of the signs of war in 1939, the number of students decreased significantly due to the low level of social income of the country and the standard of living, as students began to go to the various fields of work to teach crafts through which they could gain their daily strength, so the Ministry of Knowledge (Ten-Year Project) approved in 1946, which had a great impact on the development of the educational reality in the country, by encouraging students to enter schools and the ministry bear all their expenses of distributing books and stationery free of charge to the poor. As for education at the preparatory stage, there was no single school in a district, which is (preparator with punishment for boys). With the arrival of the academic year (1949-1950), the number of schools in the judiciary increased and became two schools, so a school (medium with a penalty for girls) was opened, as for private or foreign schools that aimed to relieve pressure on official secondary schools, in the academic year (1953-1954), a civil average was established in the judiciary of Baqba. As for the second section of the research, it is the teachers' house, which was in turn divided into two parts, the house of the teachers of the cities and the rural teachers' house. The main objective behind the establishment of this role was to prepare teachers for service. The duration of the study was (5) years after the primary school stage. In the academic year (1953-1954), the Ministry of Knowledge issued decision No. (25) of 1953, which stipulated the admission of middle school graduates in this house and the duration of the study in it would be (3) years, and the teachers' house in Baquba is one of the most important educational institutions at the level of the entire general. As for the house was provided by fully equipped educational cadres, it was able to develop and advance the educational reality. As for vocational education, which means schools that care about the agricultural reality, soil and crop. Since the judiciary has good arable soil and that its residents have relied heavily on the agricultural field, so the Ministry of Knowledge has established schools specialized in this field by developing agricultural culture and making it a modern culture in terms of encouraging students to practice the profession of agriculture by teaching them and training them on machines and providing laboratories for them. The Ministry of a body for such schools is internal education, that is, that the ministry is responsible for the expenses of students, thus encouraging students to take it, and the duration of study was (3) years after the primary stage, and the first school was established was (an average with agricultural penalty) and its students studied (8) types of subjects, the most important of which are (agricultural lessons and work Agricultural machines, health, ambulance, general sciences, mathematics, socials, English language and religion) There were also other lessons represented by five specialized departments, namely (plant product, animal product, agricultural engineering, irrigation, soil, farm management and economics).These schools rented an area from the school farm for students or a group of students in each season and provide them with everything they needed to carry out after agricultural projects agreed by the school administration, but these schools were not free of problems, the most important of which is the low number of specialized teachers and those with scientific qualifications, in addition to the small number of buildings suitable for the implementation of this agricultural educational program.